High congruence of karyotypic and molecular data on Hypostomus species from Brazilian southeast

The Hypostomini tribe comprises a single genus, Hypostomus, which possibly contains several monophyletic groups because of significant morphological variation and variety diploid numbers karyotype formulas. objective this study was to infer evolutionary relationships among 21 species Hypostomus found in Brazilian southeast subsequently identify chromosomal synapomorphies the groupings formed. Two nuclear genes, rag1 rag2, two mitochondrial mt-co1 mt-cyb, were used establish relationships. Phylogenetic trees inferred using maximum likelihood (ML) method for Bayesian analysis (BA) all genes concatenated. Both phylogenetic showed large clades within Hypostomus. These are based on chromosome number, where haplogroup I individuals with 66–68 chromosomes II 72–80 chromosomes. A third also observed ML, formed by H. faveolus cochliodon, present 2n = 64, reinforcing separation number. Robertsonian rearrangements responsible forming different diversity Ag-NORs predominantly multiple located st/a chromosomes, along 18S rDNA sites; 5S sites often seen an interstitial position, following trend already described vertebrates. traditional taxonomy considered artificial study; proposed colored patterns recognizing supported little evidence, it homoplastic characters.